Development and evaluation of topical formulations that contain hydroethanolic extract from Schinus terebinthifolia against HSV-1 infection

Abstract The therapeutic drugs to treat Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have toxic side effects and there has been an emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new treatments for HSV infections is mounting. In the present study, semi-solid formulations containing a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from Schinus terebinthifolia were developed. Skin irritation, cutaneous permeation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the formulations were investigated. Treatment with the ointment formulations did not result in any signs of skin irritation while the emulsions increased the thickness of the epidermis in Swiss mice. The cutaneous permeation test indicated that the CHE incorporated in the formulations permeated through the skin layers and was present in the epidermis and dermis even 3 h after topical application. In vivo antiviral activity in BALB/c mice treated with the CHE ointments was better than those treated with the CHE emulsions and did not significantly differ from an acyclovir-treated group. Taken together, this suggests that the incorporation of CHE in the ointment may be a potential candidate for the alternative topical treatment of herpetic lesions.

Selectivity of herbicides in native forest species of cerrado / Seletividade de herbicidas em espécies florestais nativas do cerrado

A aggravating problems in forest management is weed interference, which is a factor that modifies adaptation and reduces plant growth. The use of herbicides is an indispensable practice to mitigate these effects in reforestation areas. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of glyphosate and imazapyr in native plants of the Brazilian Cerrado, such as: Schinus terebinthifolia (Anacardiaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Fabaceae) and Handroanthus albus (Bignoniaceae). The trial was carried out in a greenhouse at Unit of Aquidauana/UEMS. Experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments and five replications. Selectivity of the herbicides in the seedlings of these species was evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days after application (DAA) of the herbicides, by means of a percentage scale of notes, where 0% corresponds to no injury and 100% corresponds to plant death. At the same time, for the weed control evaluation, visual analysis was also performed at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 DAA of the herbicides, where 100% was considered plant death and 0% no injury to weed. Imazapyr herbicide, when applied in the initial post-emergence in its lower level, it is selective to the tree species, but in the other concentrations it can affect differently the survival of them. Glyphosate herbicide was the least selective to the tree species in its different concentrations, causing phytotoxic effects with changes in the seedlings morphology. The results of this study could help in the integrated management of weeds and contribute to the efficient herbicide use in planting forest species in the Cerrado.

Um dos problemas mais agravantes no manejo florestal é a interferência que as plantas daninhas podem causar no desenvolvimento e crescimento das plantas. O uso de herbicidas é uma prática indispensável para atenuar esses efeitos em áreas de reflorestamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a seletividade dos herbicidas glyphosate e imazapyr em mudas de espécies nativas do Cerrado brasileiro, tais como: Schinus terebinthifolia (Anacardiaceae), Peltophorum dubium (Fabaceae) e Handroanthus albus (Bignoniaceae). O experimento foi conduzido em Casa de Vegetação, na Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana/UEMS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e cinco repetições. A seletividade dos herbicidas nas mudas destas espécies foi avaliada aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas, por meio de uma escala percentual de notas, em que 0% corresponde a nenhuma injúria e 100% corresponde a morte da planta. Paralelamente, para a avaliação do controle das plantas daninhas também foi realizada analise visual aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 60 dias após aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas, através da avaliação visual de controle, onde 100% consideram-se morte da daninha e 0% nenhuma injúria à planta daninha. O herbicida imazapyr aplicado em pós-emergência inicial em sua menor dosagem é seletivo as espécies arbóreas, mas em maiores concentrações pode afetar sua sobrevivência de forma diferenciada nas espécies. O herbicida glyphosate foi o menos seletivo às espécies arbóreas em suas diferentes concentrações, causando intoxicações às mudas com alterações em sua morfologia. Os resultados deste trabalho podem auxiliar no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas e contribuir para o uso eficiente de herbicidas em plantios de espécies florestais no cerrado.